Nightmares, Awakening, and Dream Distress: Preliminary Evidence for a Dimensional Model from Last Night Dream Reports
Author(s): Zǐhán Wang, Kaiwei Bai
Abstract: Nightmares have commonly been defined as dysphoric dreams that awaken the sleeper. However, DSM-5/DSM-5-TR criteria emphasize distress rather than awakening, suggesting that non-waking bad dreams may also be clinically meaningful. This study examined dysphoric dream experiences from the previous night in adults (N = 311). Eighteen percent reported a dysphoric dream; 54% of these involved awakening. Awakening from dysphoric dreams was associated with somewhat higher median dream distress levels. Partial correlations indicated that dysphoric dreams with and without awakening independently related to distress, supporting a dimensional interpretation. Gender differences were prominent in frequency patterns but did not emerge in mean-level distress. Age effects were small. Findings support the view that awakening reflects intensity but is not necessary for emotional impact. Non-awakening dysphoric dreams can produce meaningful distress and may warrant assessment in research and clinical contexts focused on nightmare vulnerability.
Keywords: Nightmares; Nightmare distress; Waking criterion; Gender differences; Sleep and emotion
Article: e21005
Download Full Article: Click here